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|
|
| Q | Getting an annoying low volume sound output when alarm is supposed to be off? |
| A | You are
experiencing a leakage voltage with your power supply or
controller. Mallory alarms are designed to operate with
very little current and it takes only a small amount of
voltage to make the alarm sound. Two possible fixes: 1. Parallel a 12 to 20 watt wire-wound resistor across the alarm’s terminals. For 120 Vac, try a 2,000 ohm resistor such as Ohmite P/N B20J2K0. For 250 Vac, try a 5,000 ohm resistor such as Ohmite P/N B20J5k0. If these resistor values do not solve the problem, or if you are experiencing the problem with a lower AC or DC voltage, then try a 1,000 ohm resistor. Make sure the resistor is not touching the alarm housing or other components that may be affected by the heat being dissipated by the resistor. 2. Parallel an incandescent (tungsten filament) pilot light across the alarm terminals. For 120 Vac, use a 6 or 7 watt bulb. For 250 Vac, use a 10 watt bulb. Possible sources:
McMaster-Carr: P/N 1628k34 (120 Vac; 6 watt incandescent
lamp) Remember that when the alarm is activated, the full supply voltage will be seen at the lamp causing it to brighten.
|
| Q | Do Mallory AC/DC Alarms work with 50Hz and 60Hz systems? |
| A | Yes.
|
| Q | Can you adjust the volume of an audible alarm? |
| A | There are two
ways to adjust the volume level. One way is to use our
SCVC accessory which enables the user to manually baffle
down the volume of the alarm. Fully closed, the SCVC
will cause a 10 to 15 dB attenuation of the sound level
(about ½ as loud as before). The second way is to change the voltage going to the alarm. The sound level of the alarm is directly related to the voltage applied across the sounder element. For a fixed supply voltage, you can use resistors or a potentiometer (analog or digital) to adjust the voltage being applied to the alarm. It does take a fairly wide voltage swing to get a significant change in sound level, so there will be little sound level change with electromagnetic type buzzers because their voltage ranges are already too small to begin with. See Technical Application Guides, "Controlling Sound Level Mechanically" & "Controlling Sound Level Electronically".
|
| Q | How fast can I turn an audible alarm on and off (i.e. short duration pulse width)? |
| A | A
piezoelectric or electromagnetic alarm generates sound
by physically deflecting a metal disc. It does take a
small amount of time once the voltage signal is applied
to the part before the metal disc is flexing to its
fullest potential. Our recommended minimum pulse
duration is 50 msec. You can apply shorter duration
pulses to the alarms, but the resulting sound will
change from a brief “beep” to just a “clicking” sound.
Also, the sound level of the resulting beep or click
will get softer and softer as the pulse duration is
shortened more and more.
|
| Q | How do I make your alarm only turn on after a certain voltage is reached? |
| A | You can use a
simple zener diode & transistor circuit. See Technical
Application
Guide, "Circuit
to Increase Turn-On Voltage".
|
| Q | What does the input impedance of a piezoelectric transducer type device look like? |
| A | The input
impedance of a piezoelectric transducer looks like pure
capacitance. The current and voltage waveforms across
the transducer can be predicted from the source voltage
impedance and the transducer capacitance.
|
| Q | For a piezoelectric transducer type device, what effect does the source impedance have on the resulting sound level? |
| A | For Mallory
Sonalert piezoelectric transducer type alarms, the sound
level curves are generated with a square-wave with a 50
Ohm source impedance. You can increase the source
impedance to a few hundred Ohms with negligible effect
on the resulting sound output.
|
| Q | I need a different voltage range, can Mallory provide it? |
| A | Yes! Mallory is the original manufacturer of electronic audible alarms and has been designing and manufacturing custom alarms for over 30 years. Mallory is the industry leader in alarm innovation and currently has 11 active alarm patents. |
Environmental Issues Top of Page
| Q | Can your panel mount models be used outdoors? |
| A | Yes, all SC
series alarms are sealed to ensure no rain, splashing
water or dust will penetrate inside of the unit. When
used in an outdoor application, the alarm should be
mounted facing downward or no greater than horizontal.
This will ensure that the nose cone of the alarm will
not collect and/or hold water. To prevent water from
penetrating behind the panel, use our ACC03 or SG1
rubber gasket accessories.
|
| Q | What type of approval or certification does a Sonalert have? |
| A | We have many
models that are
UL Recognized and
cUL Recognized.
For a complete list of those units contact Mallory
Sonalert Products, Inc.
SC, SCE, and VSB series Sonalert models, when fitted with gasket ACC03, have been tested to NEMA 3R, 4X, 12; cUL C22.2 No. 94; IP66. See our UL or cUL yellow cards for details.
|
| Q | What is the difference between "UL Listed" and "UL Recognized" |
| A | UL Listed means that a piece of equipment has met the
requirements spelled out by UL for that type of
equipment. UL Recognized means that the individual
component has met the requirements spelled out by UL for
that type of component. The main difference is
that equipment is UL Listed while components are UL
Recognized. Since Mallory alarms are components,
they are only required to be UL Recognized in order to
be used in UL Listed equipment. Check Mallory's UL
and cUL
Yellow Cards to determine which alarms are UL and cUL Recognized
and therefore can be used in UL Listed equipment.
|
| Q | Do you have FAA Certification on your alarms? |
| A | Mallory Sonalert has been supplying audible
alarms to the aerospace industry for over 30 years, and
customers include nearly all major and minor jet,
airplane, and helicopter manufacturers. All the
various alarm models used in these applications have
been certified with the FAA by the alarm user, and while
Mallory has not been directly involved with the FAA
during the PMA (Parts Manufacturer Approval) process,
Mallory has (and will) supply all needed information for
any certification and/or approvals that are required by
the application.
|
| Q | What is the shelf life of an audible alarm? |
| A | Mallory is
not aware of anyone who has ever had a shelf life issue
with our alarms. That being said, some alarm models
contain aluminum electrolytic capacitors. The
recommended shelf life for these capacitors is 5 to 10
years depending on how they are used. Our application
of these capacitors is not especially sensitive to the
shelf life issues of these components, so we would
expect that they would last 8-10 years or longer in our
alarms just sitting on the shelf (no voltage applied
during that time).
|
| Q | What is the dielectric rating of Mallory alarms (Hi-Pot Test)? |
| A | For the SC/SNP/SBM
series, many of these models are approved to UL-464
which uses the following Hi-Pot test: 1240 Vac for 60
seconds with the part wrapped in aluminum foil. The
electrical connection for the test is between the
terminals and the foil. The models in these series that are not UL approved would also pass this test as they are similarly constructed. For the other board and flange mount parts that we offer, no dielectric/hi-pot testing has been done to date (please contact us if this test is required for your application).
|
| Q | Can Mallory alarms be used in intrinsically safe or hazardous area applications (i.e. Class I Div II, etc)? |
| A | Mallory SCH series of panel mount alarms are approved to Class I Div. II groups A, B, C, &D as well as being NEMA 4X approved. Here is the application guide discussing these models: SCH Series |
| Q | What is the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for Mallory Alarms? |
| A | MTBF data has
only been generated for the SC, SNP, and SBM Series.
Historical life test data at maximum temperature and
voltage has resulted in the following failure rates for
a majority of the models in these series that we sell
when calculated per Mil-Handbook-217: F.R. = 0.08% per 1000 hrs @ 60% confidence level MTBF = 1,250,000 hrs @ 60% confidence level.
|
| Q | What are the typical failure modes for piezoelectric audible alarms? |
| A | Customer
returns of Mallory audible alarms for failure to operate
are very rare. Of the few parts returned each year, the
vast majority of the root cause of failure is an
over-voltage or voltage spike condition caused by the
customer’s application. For more details, see
Technical Application
Guide, "Typical
Failure Modes".
|
| Q | I need a colder temperature rating. Can you provide one? |
| A | For our
Rugged/Military panel mount models, these alarms are
already at the limits of the technology. However, it is
likely that our other alarms will work at colder
temperatures. Please call and ask for technical support
to see if the alarm you have in mind is capable of
working at colder temperatures.
|
| Q | What environmental tests do your alarms meet? |
| A | Design
Engineering uses a variety of tests during the
verification and validation design phases. These tests
can include: surge voltage, reverse voltage, hot & cold
life tests, room temperature life test, humidity,
vibration, shock, salt spray, and terminal strength.
For more details see
Technical Application
Guide, "Environmental
Tests".
|
| Q | Are your alarms fungus resistant? |
| A | Mallory SC, SCE, VSB, & SNP
series of panel mount alarms are fungus inert and
resistant. The housing material is 6/6 nylon, the
knurled nut is made of either 6/6 nylon or anodized
aluminum, and the sounder element is either brass or
stainless steel.
|
| Q | What is the Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) of Mallory alarms? |
| A | MSL 1 (Unlimited)
|
| Q | Are your parts resistant to formaldehyde? |
| A | Five samples
of our panel mount part SC628 were submerged for 100
hours at room temperature in a 6000 ppm
formaldehyde/Water solution. All 5 parts were visually
and electrically acceptable after testing. All SC & SCE
parts have the same external construction, so based on
this testing, all parts in these two series are
resistant to formaldehyde.
|
| Q | I have a special environmental requirement, can Mallory help me? |
| A | Yes! Mallory is the original manufacturer of electronic audible alarms and has been helping customer with special requirements for over 30 years. Mallory has excellent technical and quality support and is the industry leader in alarm innovation with 11 active alarm patents. |
General Alarm Technology Top of Page
| Q | What is an electronic audible alarm? |
| A | An electronic
audible alarm produces an audible warning sound using
electronic means. This is in contrast to
electro-mechanical alarms that produce sound by
mechanical means. Examples of electro-mechanical alarms
include the old clapper type alarm clocks, school bells,
and car horns. Examples of applications that use
electronic audible alarms include smoke detectors and
microwave ovens.
|
| Q | What else are audible alarms called? |
| A | Buzzers,
beepers, audible signals, piezo’s, sounders, alerts,
audio alarms, indicators, transducers, and various
combinations of these terms (audio alerts, piezo
indicators, etc.).
|
| Q | How do electronic audible alarms work? |
| A | Audible
alarms work by using electronic components to convert
the user’s input voltage into an appropriate oscillating
signal that drives a metal sounder diaphragm. This
metal sounder diaphragm then physically flexes up and
down producing air pressure waves that the human ear
interprets as sound. For a more detailed description,
please read the article titled, “Audible Alarm Basics”
and see Technical Application Guide, "Piezoelectric
Alarm Operation".
|
| Q | How does a piezoelectric transducer work? How does an electro-magnetic part work? |
| A | Piezoelectric
type alarms utilize a piezoelectric transducer which
consists of a metal disc that has a ceramic material
bonded to it. When voltage is applied to the ceramic
material, it causes the metal disc to physically flex.
If the piezoelectric transducer is physically flexed at
an appropriate frequency, the air pressure waves are
produced that are heard as an audible sound. Electro-magnetic type alarms utilize an electro-magnet and a nearby bare metal disc that is mounted to the housing. When the electro-magnet is energized, the resulting magnetic field physically deflects the bare metal disc. If the bare metal disc is flexed at an appropriate frequency, an audible sound is produced.
|
| Q | Why are both piezoelectric and electro-magnetic technologies used for audible alarms? |
| A | Alarms that
use piezoelectric technology draw less current, are
capable of louder sound levels, and do not generate
magnetic fields (possible EMI/EMC concerns).
Alarms that use electro-magnetic technology excel at
producing low frequency pitch sounds in small packages.
This is why many miniature board mount or surface mount audible
alarms use electro-magnetic technology.
|
| Q | How are electronic audible alarms constructed? |
| A | Electronic
audible alarms are considered components by equipment
designers, but in actuality, they are a complex
electromechanical assembly. See Technical
Application Guide, "Piezoelectric
Alarm Construction".
|
| Q | Why is a brass metal diaphragm superior to a stainless steel metal diaphragm for an audible alarm application? |
| A | In order to
solder wires to a stainless steel metal diaphragm, very
hot temperatures and aggressive acid fluxes are
required. The process is very sensitive to many
different parameters, so if the soldering process slips
out of control, weak solder joints can result. The
soldering process needed to solder to a brass transducer
does not need aggressive fluxes and extra hot
temperatures, so the process is more reliable. In
addition, the brass metal diaphragms are lower in cost,
so the customer gets more value for their money whereas
the stainless steel diaphragms are higher cost with no
value added to the user. The claim that stainless steel diaphragms are more corrosion resistant is false. In only the most severe salt water applications will a slight difference in the corrosion resistance be noticed. For these rare severe salt water applications, a conformal coating can be applied to the exposed brass surface (at a cost still less than stainless steel) that will provide equal or better corrosion resistance than the exposed stainless steel surface. |
| Q | What is the difference between an indicator and a transducer? |
| A | An indicator
is an electronic alarm that has internal circuitry. The
user only needs to apply an input voltage, and the alarm
will automatically sound. A transducer does not contain any internal circuitry. The user has to supply the complex AC signal that will make the sounder diaphragm flex at the appropriate rate and amplitude.
|
| Q | When should I use an indicator and when should I use a transducer? |
| A | Indicators
are always appropriate to use. Mallory’s design
engineering (which holds 11 active patents) has already
designed the most efficient circuit needed to produce
the required sound and has tested that circuit against a
wide variety of environmental conditions. Transducers may be justified to use when there is sufficient volume to the application to justify the time and expense required to design, de-bug, test, re-design, and validate the circuit design needed to drive the transducer under the environmental extremes that will be seen in the application. While the operation of the transducer may seem simple from the outside, there are many potential application problems that can arise unexpectedly. |
Mechanical Application Issues Top of Page
|
Q |
What size hole do I need for my panel mount alarm? |
|
A |
Here are the recommended hole sizes: 1. SCE/SC/LSC/VSB Series: 1.25” (these series will fit through a 30mm hole). 2. SNP Series: 1.063” 3. Tamperproof Series (PK-27N35ER, PK-27A35EP, etc.): 33-34mm (1.30-1.35”) 4. Panel/Flange Series (PK-20A35EW, PF-20A35EW, etc.): 20mm (0.80”)
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|
Q |
How do I connect to your panel mount alarms? |
|
A |
The standard termination for our SC & LSC series is screw terminals using #6-32 screws. You can ignore the screws and solder directly to the terminal. You can strip your wire and simply wrap it around the screws. A more popular choice is to crimp a spade or ring terminal to your wires to connect to the screw terminal. The terminals are also suitable for use with ¼” disconnect female terminal that have a 3/16” opening. One source for a female quick disconnect terminal is:
Part #
3000H 219-6 For our SNP Series, you can solder to the part’s terminals or use a 1/8” quick disconnect terminal.
|
|
Q |
How much torque is recommended to tighten the knurled nut? |
|
A |
For the plastic knurled nut, a maximum of 10 in-lbs is recommended. If your panel is not very thick, then it is likely that the nut will not strip until 20+ in-lbs is reached. For the metal knurled nuts, a maximum of 20 in-lbs is recommended.
|
|
Q |
How much torque is recommended to tighten the screws? |
|
A |
For the SC/LSC/VSB series, the recommended torque is 4 to 6 in-lbs, and the maximum torque is 8 to 10 in-lbs.
|
|
Q |
Can I bury the alarm inside my equipment? |
|
A |
Yes, but the alarm will be attenuated 15-20 decibels. This means that the sound level will be about ½ to ¼ as loud as it would be if it was mounted externally or if there were openings made in the enclosure so that the sound could radiate out. For a full discussion on mounting alarms inside of equipment, read the article titled, “Audible Alarm Use and Equipment Integrity Issues.”
|
|
Q |
Can Mallory provide custom terminations? |
|
A |
Yes! Mallory has been providing custom alarms and custom alarm terminations for over 30 years. Mallory was the original producer of electronic audible alarms and is the industry leader in alarm innovation having 11 active alarm patents. |
Soldering & Washing Issues Top of Page
|
Q |
What is the recommended hand soldering temperature for Mallory audible alarms? |
|
A |
330ºC for 1.5 seconds or 270ºC for 4 seconds.
|
|
Q |
What is the recommended wave solder temperature for Mallory audible alarms? |
|
A |
270ºC for 3 seconds.
|
|
Q |
What is the recommended re-flow oven profile for Mallory SMT alarms? |
|
A |
Users have found our alarms not to be the critical component for setting up the re-flow oven profile. Unless you deviate significantly from the profile recommended by the solder paste manufacturer or other component suppliers, you should not have any problems.
|
|
Q |
What could happen if I deviate from the recommended solder temperatures and times? |
|
A |
Unlike resistors, capacitors, IC’s, or other components, electronic alarms are actually a complex electro-mechanical assembly. Unless you are using a transducer or buzzer unit that utilizes spring clip connections, there are usually a multitude of solder joints internal to the audible alarm. If you put too much heat for too long of a time on the audible alarm terminals, you can cause a variety of problems including: 1. The solder joint connecting the audible alarm terminal to the PC board may re-flow causing a cold solder joint. 2. Components on the circuit board near to the terminal may heat up and fail due to either thermal shock of the component or cold solder joints. 3. The solder plating on the terminals may fail.
|
|
Q |
Can I send my board mount audible alarm through a wash after soldering? |
|
A |
It is only recommended to wash those audible alarms that are sealed in the back and have a wash label over the sound opening. Not all board mount audible alarms are available in this configuration, so it is recommended to view the part data sheet or call our technical support number for assistance (317-612-1000).
|
|
Q |
What will happen if I wash the audible alarm and either it is not sealed in the back or doesn’t have a wash label? |
|
A |
If the part does not have a wash label, the cleaning solution will get into the front of the part through the front hole acoustic opening. This will not likely damage the part, but an audible alarm will likely not sound (or barely sound) if there is liquid solution in this front chamber. The cleaning solution may dry out over time on its own, or it can be removed more quickly by using an air circulating oven. However, the time it takes for the part to dry out depends on many different factors. If the part is not sealed in back, several things may happen. The cleaning solution may get trapped inside the part and may seep out over time or at an inappropriate time. If the part has a circuit board, the cleaning solution may get up on the circuit board and cause electrical shorting and possibly permanent damage to the part or the circuit board the part is mounted on. Finally, the cleaning solution may cause corrosion internally to the audible alarm which could result in the part failing catastrophically or slowly over time.
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|
Q |
I have a special soldering or washing requirement. Can Mallory help me? |
|
A |
Yes! Mallory is the original electronic alarm manufacturer and has been helping people with special application requirements for over 30 years. Mallory has excellent technical and quality support and is the industry leader in innovation with 11 active alarm patents. |
|
Q |
How is sound level measured? |
|
A |
Sound level is measured in decibels (abbreviated dB). The dB scale is an arbitrary scale that reflects the loudness of the sound that is being measured. It ranges from 0 dB (threshold of hearing) to 130 dB (threshold of pain). For a better understanding of the decibel sound level scale, see Technical Application Guide, "Decibel Sound Level Scale".
|
|
Q |
How loud does my audible alarm need to be? |
|
A |
The audible alarm should be at least 10 dB louder than the ambient back ground noise so that it can be easily heard. You can estimate the ambient background noise by using the chart found on Technical Bulletin 06-03 or you can use a sound level meter to measure the actual ambient noise level.
|
|
Q |
When is a sound level twice as loud as another? |
|
A |
Every time the sound level increases by 10 dB, it will sound twice as loud to the human ear. For example, an alarm specified as 90 dB at 2 feet will sound half as loud as one specified as 100 dB at 2 feet.
|
|
Q |
What does distance have to do with sound level? |
|
A |
Sound level falls off over distance. We intuitively know this because we have to talk louder (or even shout) when people are farther away. The rule of thumb is that every time the distance doubles, the sound level drops off by 6 dB. For example, if an audible alarm measures 60 dB at 2 feet, by the time it reaches 4 feet, it will only be 54 dB. By the time it reaches 8 feet, it will only be 48 dB, and so on.
|
|
Q |
How come some audible alarms are specified at 2 feet and some are specified at 10cm? How do I compare alarms at various distances? |
|
A |
Unfortunately, there is no one standard distance for
specifying the sound level for audible alarms. However,
there are some common distances such as 2 feet (60 cm),
1 foot (30 cm), and 10 cm (4 in). An excel spreadsheet
has been developed to convert among the most common
distances used. The link for the spreadsheet is here:
Sound Level Distance Conversion Tool For example, if you want to compare an alarm that is specified as 100 dB at 10 cm and one specified as 88 dB at 2 feet, you must choose one distance that you want to use to compare the parts. Using the distance conversion spreadsheet, you would find that 88 dB at 2 feet equates to 103 dB at 10 cm, so the alarm specified as 88 dB at 2 feet is actually louder than the other one when they are compared apples to apples.
|
|
Q |
How sensitive is the human ear to sound level changes? |
|
A |
Most people can only distinguish a sound level change only when it increases or decreases by 3 decibels. For example if a person was listening to an audible alarm that changed from 90 to 92 dB, that person would most likely say that the alarm did not get louder. If the sound level changed from 90 dB to 93 dB, the person would say that the sound level is slightly louder. If the sound level changed from 90 to 96 dB, the person would say that the sound level is significantly louder. If the sound level changed from 90 to 100 dB, the person would say that the sound level is twice as loud as before.
|
|
Q |
When should I use a constant tone and when should I use a pulsing tone? |
|
A |
Pulsing tones are more easily distinguished than constant tones. Also, pulsing tones convey typically convey more urgency to a person than a constant tone. On the other hand, it takes more electronic circuitry to make a tone pulse, so pulsing audible alarms are usually more expensive than constant tone alarms. If a more pleasant sounding tone is needed, a chime sound may be preferred. You can listen to the various sounds that Mallory audible alarms make at this link: Sonalert® Sounds
|
|
Q |
What does dBa (A-Weighting) mean? |
|
A |
dB is the abbreviation for decibels which is how the sound level of audible alarms is measured. The “a” in dBa means that the sound level was measured on an A-Weighting scale. The A-Weighting scale was developed to compensate for the fact that the human ear is not a perfect microphone. By applying the A-Weighting scale to sound level measurements, you put the different frequencies (pitches) that the audible alarms produce on an even basis (i.e. comparing apples to apples). Mallory always uses A-Weighting for their sound level measurements, but not all audible alarm manufacturers are this diligent.
|
|
Q |
Can I control the sound level of the audible alarms? |
|
A |
Yes- see Technical Application Guides, "Controlling Sound Level Mechanically" & "Controlling Sound Level Electronically".
|
|
Q |
Can I model the acoustic sound chamber using Helmholtz equations? |
|
A |
Mallory Sonalert has worked with Professors at Rose Hulman University in an attempt to model the sound chamber using Helmholtz equations, but these equations do not work well in predicting the resulting sound characteristics of the alarm. When Mallory Sonalert engineering designs new audible alarms, we rely on past designs and experience to give guidance on a starting point. However, the final design of the sound chamber is based on careful process of building prototype after prototype in order to find that sweet spot in sound performance.
|
|
Q |
What is the acoustic sound chamber and how does it work? |
|
A |
The acoustic sound chamber of audible alarms includes the area inside the housing that is in front of the sounder element and includes the front hole opening. The sound chamber does not work like organ pipes. In organ pipes, there are standing waves of different size depending on the frequency generated. This is why the organ pipes are different lengths. If the standing wave principle was used for electronic audible alarms, the alarms would have to be many inches or feet in length. Perhaps the best way to explain how the acoustic sound chamber works is to think of it using a more visceral medium. If you think of the air sound waves being replaced by water, the sound chamber would work by providing an efficient shape for the water to move out of the housing without being obstructed by eddies, reverse currents, and dead spots. Essentially, the acoustic sound chamber provides a low impedance path for the air pressure wave to escape the housing with maximum intensity.
|
|
Q |
Can Mallory provide a custom sound? |
|
A |
Yes! Mallory is the original producer of electronic audible alarms and has been making custom alarms for over 30 years. Mallory is the industry leader in alarm innovation and currently holds 11 active patents.
|
About Mallory Sonalert Top of Page
|
Q |
What is Mallory's Warranty Statement? |
|
A |
The seller warrants the goods to be supplied hereunder will conform to the pertinent specifications, drawings and approved samples, if furnished, and that such goods will be of good materials and workmanship and free of defects if properly installed and used as sold by Seller. If within one-year period from the date of shipment to Purchaser such goods, not having been subject to misuse, alteration, modification, neglect. Improper installation or unauthorized repairs not exposed to an abnormal environment, are shown not to be in conformity or are shown to be defective in workmanship or materials, Seller’s sole and exclusive obligation under this warranty is to repair or replace such goods, provided return is made prepaid to Seller or its designated representative with the following tagged information: (i) date of shipment of such goods to Purchaser; (ii) date such goods are determined to be non-conforming or defective; and (iii) specifying the apparent non-conformity or defect. No claim will be allowed under this warranty unless Purchaser notifies Seller of such claim within 30 days after Purchaser learns of facts giving rise to such claim. Purchaser’s failure to test, inspect and make claim within such one-year period shall be conclusive evidence that the goods shipped were satisfactory in all respects. The liability of Seller under the forgoing warranty shall not exceed the price charged by Seller for the goods which give rise to the Purchaser’s claim. THE AFORESAID WARRANTY IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED (INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE), EXCEPT OF TITLE. SELLER ASSUMES NO LIABLITY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR OTHER DAMAGES OF ANY TYPE (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES RELATED TO LOST SALES AND PROFITS, EXCESSIVE OR INCREASED COSTS AND EXPENSES, FIELD RECALL AND RETROFIT, COSTS AND EXPENSES , DOWNTIME COSTS AND CLAIMS OF CUSTOMERS OR PURCHASER FOR SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM NON-CONFORMING OR DEFECTIVE CONDITION OF ANY GOODS SOLD BY SELLER TO PURCHASER HEREUNDER, AND PURCHASER ASSUMES ALL LIABILITY FOR ALL CONSEQUESNCES ARISING OUT OF ITS USE OR SALES OF SUCH GOODS. THE AFORESAID REMEDY OF PURCHASER IS EXCLUSIVE AND THIS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY PROVISION SHALL APPLY TO ANY AND ALL CLAIMS OR SUITS BASED UPON NEGLIGENCE, BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, STRICT LIABILITY, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY UPON WHICH LIABILITY MAY BE ASSERTED AGAINST SELLER BY PURCHASER OF OTHERS. |